제주도 제59군정중대 본부 및 본부중대 감찰보고

HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA Office of Special Investigator APO 235, Unit 2 22 November 1947 SUBJECT: Report of Inspection Headquarters and Headquarters Company 59th Military Government Company Cheju-do Island TO : Commanding General United States Army Military Government in Korea APO 235, Unit 2 1. The undersigned inspected Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 59th Military Government Company at Cheju during the period 19-21 November 1947, in compliance with General Orders No. 34, dated 19 September 1946. 2. A physical inspection was made of the 59th Military Government Camp, and the general administration concerning personnel, supply, records, etc. Inspection was also made of the provincial capital, the Provincial motor pool and the port area. Minor deficiencies were pointed out and corrective action made on the spot. 3. Interviews and conferences were held with the Chief Civil Affairs Officer, the Korean Lieutenant Governor, and individual members of the staff. Matters requiring action by this headquarters are treated below under subject headings. 4. Organization and Personnel The company strength of seventeen (17) enlisted men is an all time low. Guard duty has been taken over by constabulary. In spite of the low strength of the unit, it has made considerable progress during the past month in camp improvements. The CCAG will leave the unit within a few days to return to the States for reassignment. His replacement had not arrived on 21 November 1947. Capt. John S. Partridge will leave for the States in the near future. Reveille is held at 0640 hours. Weekly training schedule is in effect. 5. Buildings and Grounds a. The camp motor pool shop is being winterized. b. The new supply building has been completed and supplies moved in. A superior set-up. 334 c. New guard billet for constabulary has been completed and in use. d. Post Exchange has been re-vamped and presents a superior appearance. Post Exchange warehouse has been completed in same building. e. The ends of quonsets are being painted. f. Commissary for dry stores has been doubled in size. Completed and in use. g. The hot water system is being installed for the bath house and kitchen. An old system which consumed a great deal of wood fuel has been in use. This inspector questioned the advisability of a long hot water lead-in pipe, approximately 200 feet, to the kitchen. h. All buildings have had rock and masonry foundations installed for winter use. i. Concrete sidewalks are under construction to cover the barracks and community buildings. j. Three large cart type fire extinguishers were received during the past month and were used to extinguish a down town fire which could have reached serious proportions. k. Japanese space heaters are needed for dependent housing. None have been received. l. Contract payments for fuel wood and other local purchases should be promptly made. Exhibit "A". m. Water supply on Cheju-do Island is the most serious utility problem. Fresh water sources are available from a large mountain spring which is now wasted. An Irrigation project, built by the Japanese should be repaired. 5. Mess a. Arrangements for fresh fruit and vegetable delivery by plane every two weeks have been completed. b. The quality, preparation and serving of food is excellent. The 59th MG Company serves the best bread and rolls in Korea. c. A new concrete garbage rack is completed and in use. 7. Billets Barracks were clean and personnel equipment is maintained in a uniform manner. Converted oil drum space heaters are in use and with insulated barrack buildings provide comfortable winter quarters. 8. Clothing Shoes and fatigue clothing have been received. Winter clothing is satisfactory. 9. Ordnance M-2 carbines in excellent condition. 10. Post Exchange New installation presents a superior appearance and orderly display of merchandise. Good variety of merchandise. 11. Morale Complaints were taken by the Inspector General under AR 20-5 on 18 November. Most serious complaint was bathing facilities which will be corrected within two weeks by installation of new hot water heater. Courtesy and discipline excellent. 12. Utilities a. Coal needed for heating. b. Water supply is a problem and depends on water deliveries by tank trailer. 13. Transportation a. Unit needs a craft of LCVP type or equivalent. b. Deadlined vehicles have been turned in for replacement. c. One qualified enlisted mechanic should be assigned. d. Vehicles in operation are clean and well maintained. e. Thirty-four U.S. Army trucks were assigned to the Provincial Government in April, June and August 1947. These trucks were in good running order except one which needed a minor repair. The CCAO asked the undersigned to visit the Provincial truck pool, and fifteen trucks had been stripped of wheels, tires, storage batteries, carburetor, generators, starters, springs and other parts. There was no indication of care or protection of property. Approximately 25 truck tires were found instead of 150. The truck pool presented the worst case of vandalism and abuse found anywhere. One half of the trucks were stripped in about four months use. At this rate all trucks would be deadlined in another four months. This inspector felt that positive action was indicated and decided to impound one of the operating vehicles. The Lieutenant Governor was taken on an inspection of the truck pool together with the Chief of Transportation (Korea). The Lieutenant Governor was informed that such abuse of expensive vehicles would not be tolerated and if a reasonable attempt was not made to maintain and protect U.S. Property, that further withdrawals would take place. The actual impounding of one truck impressed the seriousness of the conditions and the Acting Governor stated that parts would be reassembled and the trucks again placed in operating condition. The progress on reconditioning vehicles will be closely watched by local Military Government Officers. After a reasonable probationary period the impounded truck (MG motor pool) will be returned to Provincial service. 14. Health Sick rate low. 15. Political Situation Several conferences were held with American officers ( Exhibits "P", "C" and "D") and certain Korean officials. Both American officers and Korean officials have the same opinions concerning Governor Ryu, Hai Chin. He is an egotist and a politician who uses questionable practices in asserting control over government. Terrorism and beatings have been traced to the Governor. Any group or individual who expresses any opinion contrary to Governor Ryu is labeled a Leftist. No meetings are permitted except those which carry the complete approval of the Extreme Rightest Governor. This high handed form of government is driving many groups underground. The condition is becoming dangerous. 16. Housing Bamboo for housing has been received. 17. Cheju Alcohol Company Authorizations received for delivery of 1000 tons of coal per month. Inspection of the factory was made and the factory was not operating due to repair of boilers. A 1400 KW steam turbine electric plant has been delivered and plant officials believe that it will be operating by 1 February 1948. 18. Conclusions a. The 59th Military Government Company needs officers and enlisted men. b. Complete the water heating installation. c. The dependent housing situation requires four Japanese space heaters. d. Coal is needed. e. Mechanics to meet contract payments must be speeded up. f. Provincial use of U.S. Army trucks must be watched. g. Governor Ryu should be replaced. LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC Special Investigator <첨부문서> (증거 A): 미·소공위 진정서 서명자들에 대한 조사(1947. 10. 8) HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA APO 235 Unit 2 For use in all inter-office correspondence. Separate each Memorandum by a line and initial. Memorandum will preferably be typewritten. INTER-OFFICE MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Investigation of Persons for Signing a Petition to US-USSR Joint Commission. MEMO. NO DATE FROM TO MEMORANDUM 1 8 Oct Justice CCAO 1. It is not illegal to procure signatures to· 1947 Cheju Do a petition to US-USSR Joint Commission, If any men is being investigated and held for this alone he should be released immediately. Please advise the Chief Prosecutor of this and let us know by radio what he says. 2. It is not illegal to belong to any party which has registered properly under Ordnance No. 55, as amended by Ordnance No. 79. If the Chief Prosecutor is holding any man on charge of belonging to any party which is properly registered, he should be advised to release them immediately. 3. For parties whose activities extend only within one province the place to register is with the Provincial Governor. If the activi- ties extend beyond the province, the place of registration is Department of Public Information. 4. If there are people held under accusation of belonging to a party which is not registered in the office of the Provincial Governor, please send us the name of the party (in English, Chinese and Korean characters) they are accused of belonging to, so we can check and see whether it is registered. 5. Two organizations have been dissolved by the Military Governor in Executive Orders Nos. 1 and 2, Dai Han Ming Chung and Chosun Min Chung, the first being considered rightist and the latter leftist. It is illegal to belong to either of these organizations. Dai Han Min Chung was dis- solved on 22 April 1947 and Chosun Min Chung on 16 May, 1947. CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC EXHIBIT "A" /t/ Richard D. Gillam, Jr., Assistant Adviser <첨부문서> (증거 B): 제주도 공산주의자들에 대한 기소 (1947년 10월 15일~17일 / 48년 1월 29일) HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Inter-Office Memorandum SUBJECT: Prosecution of Communists in Cheju Do EMO NO Date From To 1 15 Oct Gilliam Major 1947 Connelly (1) At request of the CCAO of Cheju Do, his Legal Officer discussed with me the question of criminal cases against prominent leftists. He reported that Pak Kyung Run, former Provincial Governor, and others, who are members of Min Chok Chun Sun (Battle Line of the Nation), a leftist political party, were being prosecuted for (a) being members of this party and (b) for circulating for signature a petition to the US-USSR Joint Commission (2) I gave the Legal Officer the attached written suggestions. I also advised him that the petition in question was definitely communist party line stuff and that they should be verry cautious in giving backing to those who circulated the petition, although they should, of course, not permit illegal persecution. (3) On 13 Oct., 1947, the Chief Judge of the Cheju District Court discussed this ques- tion at great length with me. He stated that, due to language difficulties, the Legal Officer did not get the whole story as to the prosecution of the leftists. The judge stated that the prosecution is for holding an unauthorized meeting and for falsely stating to persons whose signature they sought on the petition that the petition-was approved by the police. He said the party was properly registered. I told the judge that he must be very careful not to persecute people merely because they were communists and that it was not illegal to belong to a properly registered party and not illegal to circulate a petition to the US-USSR Joint Commission. (4) The judge stated that the situation has grown very bad in Cheju Do, with the communist strength gaining. He stated that, while the former Provincial Governor Pak communist strength gaining. He stated that, while the former Provincial Governor Pak Kyung Hun, claims that his party is "middle of the road," it is actually a branch of the South Korea Labor Party. He feels that the CCAO (perhaps out of high regard for Pak, who had been an efficient public servant) is inclined to favor Pak's party and to believe his claim that it is "middle of the road." (5) The CCAO told me he was convinced that former governor Pak was actually a middle of the road man and one of the island's best citizens. (6) I am not clear as to what our obligation is, other than what I have already done. However, I got the impression from my talk with the Legal Officer that the MG officers are in danger of being misled by the claim that certain groups are middle of the road. The question is, should we suggest that CIC check and give them any necessary information /s/ Richard D. Gilliam,Jr., /t/ RICHARD D. GILLIAM,JR., Assistant Adviser. 2 16 Oct 47 Justice OCA 1. This is a matter which may interest the Chief Adviser. FOR THE ADVISER: /s/ Kurt M. Falk EXHIBIT "B" /t/ Kurt M. Falk Assistant Adviser MEMO NO Date From To 3. 17 Oct OCA AMG I think a good OSI investigator would be preferable to CIC. For guidance of other CCAO's it might be a good plan to circularize the attached opinion of Justice. There is constant danger that the Korean right will make it "open season" ofr hunting and catching any or all of these political opponets. We must keep their activities strictly constitutional. /s/ E.J. Johnson 4. OSI investigated recently. Recommendation re circularizing of the attached memo approved. /s/ C.G.H. CERTIFIED TRUE COPY [signature] G [illegible] LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col. TC HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY COVERNMENT IN KOREA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Inter-Office Memorandum SUBJECT Prosecutions of Communists inChe ju Do MEMO NO Date From To 1 29 Jan 48 Adviser to the Department of Justice Cs.I CCA KG 1. The previous file in this matter was sent to CG, by this office on 10 November,1947,to be given to OSI,which office was reading Lt. Col.N[illegible] to Cheju Do for a routine in[illegible] tion. Lt. Col. Nelson [illegible] would check this matter but we have not seen the OSI report. Attached is report of an investigation by a Korean prosecutor of one phase of the matter. 2. The previous file began with a memo dated if October,1947, giving CCA and DIG the details of a dispute pending between the CuAO and the Korean Court in Cheju Do. The background of the dispute was the right-left controversy. The CCAO was backing the former Provincial Governor, Pak Kyung Jun, trieved by the CCAO to be a middle-of-the-road man,but believed by the present Provincial Governor and the police and court officials to be an actual member of the Communist Party. 3. In July,1947, ex-governor Pak and his crowd prepared a petition addressed to the US-USSR Joint Commission and requested permission of the police to circulate it among members of Democratic National Front parties,which permission was granted. Then Pak and his crowd so framed the papers as to make it appear that police approved the petition,which was Communist Party line stuff invocating a Peoples' Republic and [illegible] Peoples' Committee. 4. This the police and court officials considered violation of Art. 105-2 of the Criminal Code,which reads as follows: "One who spreads a false statement aimed at disturbing the people's mind shall be punished with not more than 5 years of penal servitude or confinement,or [illegible] fine not more than 5000 yen." 5. The CCAO felt that Pak and his crowd were being persecuted for their political beliefs and peremptorily ordered the charges dropped. The Koreans obeyed the order,although an indictment had been made. 6. The CCAO informed us of the dispute and that the prosecutor was not following his advice,before he issued his order. However, the file did not indicate that command desired to give any directions in the situation, we merely sent the file forward for investigation by G.I. Use both sides of paper 7. There were other elements of friction between the Koreans and Americans on Cheju Do,so we requested the Chief Prosecutor of the Supreme Court to send Lee Ho,a prosecutor of the Seoul Court of Review, who speaks English and who was a member of the five man team which visited the States to study American judicial and legislative systems, to try to get men at the bottom of the difficulty and,if possible, work out better rapport between the Americans and Koreans. His report is attached hereto. 8. This case involves two points: (a) Was it proper for the CCAO to give such conclusive backing to the communists and (b) Was it proper for the CCAO to give a peremptory order to the court in a pending case without obtaining specific authority from the Military Governor. 9. As to the first point, we are,of course,on shaky ground before the bar of world public opinion in enforcing Art. 105-2 of the Criminal Code. But it has not been repealed and it has very likely been found useful by the Korean police in putting away people we have wanted put away. Although the incident here presented may seem trivial, in view of the great power the police have and the fear the people have of them, the methods used by Pak and his crowd undoubtedly intimidated many persons into signing the petition by leading them to believe that the police were behind it. So it is quite probable that Pak and his crowd were guilty of violation of Art. 105-2. 10. As to the second point,it is felt by this office that the CCAO should not have intervened in the manner used by him. Such intervention should be done only in a formal manner by the Deputy Military Governor through Korean channels. Of course, the CCAO, as representative of the Military Governor, should have authority to act for the Military Governor, but this authority should be exercised only in an extreme emergency where there is not sufficient time to securing action by the Military Governor. 11. It is felt that, in view of the high political importance of the case and the absence of any extreme emergency, the decision should have made at top level. 12. Perhaps the Special Investigator, however, dug up other facts not known to us, so this report is sent through OSI for comment, and to attach the original file, if deemed appropriate. ON OMIN JOHN W. CONNELLY, JR., Major JAGD Adviser. <첨부문서> (총기 B-1): 제주도 민정장관실 비망록(1947. 11. 21) UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA Office of the Chief Civil Affairs Officer Cheju Do, Korea 21 Nov. 1947 MEMORANDUM To: Lt. Col. Nelson (OSI) In reference to the political situation on Cheju Do, there are many factors that lead to the present situation. Since my coming to Cheju in April 1947 the consensus of opinion amongst the farmers and higher class of people is that the Japanese did not treat them as badly as the people on the mainland were treated and that there were many factories operating here with a sufficient food supply on the island to take care of the people. Under Military Government the condition is not as good as under the Japanese. The people on the island speak a trifle different Korean language. (A dialect). Cheju itself being an island with its beliefs etc. is like a small nation. Mainland people in public offices do not seem to get along with Cheju people as well as a person from this island. There is at present a slightly noticeable rift in the police command on the island between the mainland police and the police originally from this island. This rift someday might lead to trouble. In a conference with General Lerch before my coming to the island, the General stated that he was not going to relieve the old Governor as he was no weeker than any other Governor in Korea. However, approximately one week after my arrival on the island a new Governor came to the island and my office was not notified. In the first conference with Governor Ryu, he stated that he was not a business man but only a politician. During the Governors regime on the island his attitude seemed to be one of "just tolerating Americans". During different conferences with the Governor he has most impolitely stood up and walked out of the office for no known reason whatsoever. During the August 15 parade by the Constabulary and Police, he reviewed the police but failed to review the Constabulary. He has never allowed a meeting of any party except the ones that are closely affiliated with his side. Such action places the undersigned in an embarrassing position with the peoples of the island. Terroristic acts of the Rightist are increasing on the island and the Governor has taken no steps to stop such action. A number of people have been relieved from office since the Governors arrival but relieved in a Korean manner. Ex-Governor Pak is chairman of the Leftist organization on the island and it is my belief that it is better to have a person at the head of that organization who will listen to a persons advice and follow his advice. Ex-Governor Pak is not a Communist and is very pro-American. He is Leftist for his own political reasons and because he is not a rightist. He is not a dangerous person to Korea or Military Government. In summing everything up, Governor Ryu started his political career on this island in a high handed manner and has continued in the same manner till this day. His manner and actions are dictatorial amongst a population of poor people. CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: [illegible signature] LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC EXHIBIT B-1 /s/ Russel D. Barros /t/ RUSSEL D. BARROS Lt. Co. CAC OCAO <첨부문서> (종합 B-2): 제주도 정치상황(1947. 11.) HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA APO 235 For use in all inter-office correspondence. Separate each memorandum by a line and initial. Memorandum will preferably be typewritten. INTER-STAFF ROUTING SLIP SUBJECT: Cheju Do Political Situation Memo No. Date From To Memorandum 5 8 Nov 47 OSI Justice Re Memo No. 4 - Early last March this office conducted Mr. an investigation of a disorder which occurred 1 March Gilliam at Cheju Do in which six people were killed and a number injured. This is without doubt the investigation referred to. This did not have to do with the general picture but was on a specific event and the circumstances surrounding it. Lt. Col. Nelson of this office expects to be in Cheju-Do on Wednesday 12 Nov. If there is anything relative to the situation there at present on which he can secure current information he will do his best to get it if you will call him on Whitehorse 171 prior to Monday evening (10 November). /s/ Ralph J. Mitchell Col., Inf Director OSI No. 6 10 Nov 47 Justice OCA Hand carry OSI Att: Lt. Col. Nelson 1. It is noted from Memo 5 that the investigation referred to in Memo 4 did not cover the general situation referred to in Memo 1. 2. It is also noted that OSI has an investigator leaving for Cheju Do today and will make such investigation as is desired. /s/ Richard D. Gilliam, Jr . Assistant Adviser 7 10 Nov 47 OCA OSI Necessary Action EDGAR J. JOHNSON Chief Adviser SOUTH KOREAN EJ (Initialed) INTERIM GOVERNMENT CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: [illegible] Q [illegible] LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC EXHIBIT "B-2" <첨부문서> (증거 C): 1947년 11월 15일 현재 제주도의 정치적 상황(1947. 11. 21) HEADQUARTERS 59th MILITARY GOVERNMENT HQ & HQ COMPANY APO 712 21 November 1947 SUBJECT: Opinion of Political Situation in Cheju Do as of 15 November 1947 I estimate that approximately two thirds of the populace are now moderate leftist in their own opinion. This in contrast to about fifty percent of leftist sympathy one year ago. The number of extreme leftist on the island is unknown to me and I cannot make any estimate. There are some, but are kept strictly underground. The Provincial Governor has adapted the slogan of the ultra rightist in that all people who disagree even on minor points with the Han Kock or the Acceleration of Independence party are automatically leftists. He also despises and will not work with coalition plans or personnel. Since the 1st of April, to the best of my knowledge he has not permitted any meeting by any party except those he definitely approves. This is acting to drive moderate leftist parties underground. I have no doubt that these moderate leftists are holding meetings without permission. Sooner or later the police will be informed of a meeting and requested to break it up and arrest the leader. This will lead to violence and will create much sympathy for the leftist parties and act to drive moderate leftist and some coalitionists further left. The police are also responsible for a good deal of leftist sympathy and feeling. Mainland police are in the great majority of responsible portions and donot use discretion and judgement in dealing with political arrests. Intermittent beatings take place by the police and most members are hostile to American personnel and directives. Beatings of CIC employees, American houseboys and Military Government Interpreters have occurred and the main reason was that it was considered by the police to be unpatriotic to work for Americans. This tends to have these employees lose confidence in our prestige and ability to protect them in performing their daily duties. Beating by Ultra Rightist party terrorists take place. They are usually made as warnings to a leftist to resign from a job that he holds and the rightist want, or a preliminary to extort money, or even a warning to leave the area. The police make no investigation of these occurences or only a formal one. This is in my opinion driving people of no previous declaration of political thought to take sides with the leftists. In conclusion, while the surface of the political picture is fairly calm at present, I believe that continued repression of the center and moderate parties will result in a drift to the extreme left and subversive action by that group. CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: [illegible] a [illegible] LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC EXHIBIT "C" /s/ Samuel J. Stevenson /T/ SAMUEL J. STEVENSON . . . Captain TC Adjutant <첨부문서> (증거 D): 유해진지사의 행위 (1947. 11. 21) 21 November 1947 SUBJECT; Governor RYU, Hai Chin, Activities of. TO : Lt. Col. Nelson, OSI 1. I arrived on Cheju-Do in June 1947 and have been OIC of the CIC Sub-Det. since that time. I have known Governor RYU, Hai Chin since my arrival. Governor Ryu is an extreme rightist and is active in many right wing groups. RYU has been elected as advisor to the Kwangbok Youngmen's Association and the Daidong Youth Corps. Governor RYU was chairman of the Korean Independence Party a right wing party but resigned to become chairman of the Democratic Independence Party called a middle of the road party. Governor RYU was elected as advisor to the Kwangbok Youngmen's Association on 31 July 1947. On 23 July 1947 Governor RYU requested air transportation for a man who was not even a member of the Provincial Government and stated the man had to deliver messages for him in Seoul. On 6 September 1947 PAK, Tai Hoon, head of Provincial food service was beaten by a group of six or seven unknown persons. When questioned by me he said the he of only three possible reasons he was beaten. 1st. He might have been mistaken for his brother who is head of the Min Chun, 2nd. He had refused to falsify a grain report to the Military Government for the Governor, 3rd. Persons might have said he was a leftist. On 7 September 1947, a woman, CHOI, Yoon Soon was beaten by a group of six or seven persons. CHO I is the wife of the principal of the Cheju Middle School, HYUN, Kyung Ho. HYUN was at one time one of the leading leftist on Cheju-Do. Mrs. CHOI was first called upon to open the gate to her home but had refused as her husband was not home. About ten or fifteen minutes later Mrs. CHOI received a phone call telling her that the call was from the Police Inspection Command Office and the police wanted to search her home. A few minutes later several persons came to her door and she opened the house to them. The men entered the home and beat Mrs. CHOI and a little servant girl. The following morning I checked the telephone office in regards to the telephone and the operator reported that the call had come from Governor RYU's home. The reason that the call had made such an impression on the operator was that she had talked to the lady for not answering the phone immediately. The operator reported that she had handled two calls from Governor RYU's house close together. The first call had been to the Middle School asking the address of the principal and the other to his home. Governor RYU denied knowing anything about the calls. Since my arrival on Cheju-Do I have known of Leftist groups asking permission to hold meetings but never once nas permission been granted. This naturally makes all leftist meetings illegal. Rightist Groups have but to ask for permission and it is granted without any question. Governor RYU is in my estimation very dictatorial and if any person does not agree with him one hundred percent he is very apt to be automatically classed as a strong leftist. EXHIBIT "D" There have been occasions when rightist youngmen's groups have beaten men who are supposed to be or have been members of leftist parties but the police take no action. If a rightist is beaten by Leftist immediate action takes place and arrests are made. /s/ Henry C. Merritt /t/ HENRY C. MERRITT SA CIC <첨부문서> (증거 E): 내부 비방록 / 제주도에 보내는 대나무 선적 요구 (1947년 10월 27일~30일) 1 27 Oct. CSI USOCS A large quantity of bamboo is needed on 1947 USAMGIK Cheju Island for refugee housing and general construction. Request a sizeable allotment be made from Pusan stocks. An allotment of bamboo should also be made to the 99th Military Government Group at Taegu or Welfare Agency for refugee housing. The 99th Group suggested using their trucks for a 100 mile haul. LORENZO A. EILSON Lt. Col. TC Inspector 2. 30 oct. 47 USOCS OSI 1. At the present date all bamboo at Pusan has Attention: been allocated to the Bureau of Fisheries and Lt. Col. the Forestry Bureau. Nelson 2. As the Bureau of Fisheries has failed to furnish shipping instructions for the bamboo, an allocation of 100,000 bundles to Cheju Island and 50,000 [illegible] to Chief Civil Affairs Office, Kyongsang Pukto, will be accomplished in the immediate future if the Bureau of Fisheries [illegible] to move bamboo from Pusan by 20 November. RICHARD A. GIBSON Assistant Chief, Operations Control <첨부문서> (증거 F): 경우부 경찰 통신국 무전내용(1947. 12. 9) RADIOGRAM POLICE COMMUNICATION BUREAU POLICE DEPARTMENT No. 23 Class Office of Office of Destination: Seoul Origination: Cheju No. of Words Date: 9, Dec. 47 Time: 1230 To: ADVISOR TO THE CIVIL ADMINISTRATOR: TWO LST LOADS OF BAMBOO ARRIVED CHEJUDO CONSIGNED TO CCAO OFFICE. PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR DESIRES TO ORDER THEM RETURNED TO PUSAN AS HE STATES HE HAS NO MONEY TO PAY FOR UNLOADING AND THE BAMBOO IS EXCESS TO THE NEEDS OF THE PROVINCE AS SHIPS HAVE BEEN LYING IDLE IN HARBOR SINCE FIVE DECEMBER IF SHIPS ARE TO BE UNLOADED REQUESTS ADVICE SOURCE OF FUNDS TO PAY COSTS ESTIMATED AT FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND YEN NO AGENT OF KOREA TIMBER COMPANY IN THIS PROVINCE. REQUEST REPLY TO THIS RADIO. BE SENT TO GOVERNOR IN KOREAN LANGUAGE AND TO CCAO IN ENGLISH. MANSFIELD. STEVENSON 1430 Ahn CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col, TC EXHIBIT: "F" <첨부문서> (증거 G): 제주도에 보내는 전문(1947. 12. 13) TELEGRAM 13 December 1947 FROM: UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA OFFICE SPECIAL INVESTIGATOR, APO 235 UNIT 2 TO : CHIEF CIVIL AFFAIRS OFFICER 59th MILITARY GOVERNMENT COMPANY CHEJU-DO, KOREA APO 712 UNLOAD TWO LST LOADS BAMBOO URGENTLY NEEDED YOUR REFUGEE HOUSING PROGRAM. USE FUNDS ALLOTTED REFUGEE HOUSING. EXPEDITE SHIPS URGENTLY NEEDED CIVILIAN SUPPLY PROGRAM CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC EXHIBIT "G" <첨부문서> (증거 I): 된 소장과 안재홍의 지시문(1948. 1. 31) SOUTH KOREAN INTERIM GOVERNMENT Department of Public Information Seoul, Korea PRESS RELEASE 31 January 1948 ITEM I: E X T R A C T ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Reaffirming the South Korean Interim Government's definite policy on freedom of speech, press, and assembly in South Korea in anticipation of the forth coming election, a directive signed by Maj. Gen. William F. Dean, Military Governor, and AHN Chai Hong, Civil Administrator, was sent to all Provincial Governors and the Mayor of Seoul on January 27. The directive read: 1. You are reminded that it has always been the policy of this Government that the democratic rights of freedom of speech, press and assembly be recognized, respected and safeguarded. It is especially important that these rights be protected during the period of preparation for general election. 2. The Director of the Department of Police has issued special instruction to all Police Chiefs, reminding them of the government's policy with respect to observance of democratic rights. These instructions provide for the granting of applications for all public meetings and for non-interference with the distribution of newspaper articles, handbills and posters, unless they actually incite to riot or sedition. If arrests appear necessary at any time, and no evidence of a criminal act is forthcoming, the arrested persons are to be released immediately. The instructions further remind the members of the National Police that they have no right to engage in political activities, except as a voter in an election. 3. You will insure that these principles are carried into effect. ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// SOUTH KOREAN INTERIM GOVERNMENT Department of Public Information Seoul, Korea PRESS RELEASE 2 February 1948 ITEM I: Provincial Police Chiefs are responsible to their respective governors for the maintenance of law and order and all other police duties within the province, Maj. Gen. William F. Dean, Military Governor, reminded provincial governors in a letter January 26. General Dean pointed out that they had authority over police chiefs in all matters except organization, administration, finances, and personnel. EXHIBIT "I" "Centralized control with decentralized operation is the key to this police system," the Military Governor said. He explained that chiefs of police are responsible for their duties to governing agencies having jurisdiction over the areas in which they operate. A copy of the letter follows: "At this time I wish to bring to the attention of all those concerned the following points, as amended herewith, from letter dated 27 December 1945, Office of the Military Governor, Bureau of Police. "Subject: Organization of National Police of Korea: "The chief of police of a province is responsible to the governor of the province for the maintenance of law and order and all functions charged to the police within the province. The provincial governor issues to the Chief of police the necessary instructions to accomplish this. The provincial governor is not authorized to issue orders affecting organization, administration, finances, or personnel to the police. "The senior police commander in a city is responsible to the mayor of that city for the maintenance of law and order and all functions charged to the police within the territorial limits of the city. The mayor issues to the senior commander the necessary instructions to accomplish this. The mayor is not authorized to issue orders effecting organization, administration, finances, or personnel of the Police. "The Director of the Department of Police communicates directly with provincial chiefs of police on all routing matters. The chief of police of a province deals directly on police matters with all subordinate police officials in his province. The provincial chief of police will inform the provincial governor of all cases of importance occuring within the province. Senior police commanders in cities will inform the mayor of all cases of importance occurring with the city. "Provincial governors will report any instances of unsatisfactory police performance to the Director of Department of Police and a copy will be forwarded to the Military Governor. "Provincial governors, chiefs of police, mayors, and police commanders in cities are enjoined to make every effort to insure the smooth operation of this system. "Centralized control with decentralized operation is the key to this police system. It is a system which requires that subordinates divisions of the police be responsible for the performance of police duties to the governing agencies who have jurisdiction over the areas in which the subordinate divisions operate. "The above matters demand full police cooperation with the Provincial Governors and you are directed to assist in a precise and unrelenting manner to bring about the proper relationship." ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col. TC <증부문서> (증거 J): 류해진지사 심문 내용(1948. 2. 19) Testimony of: Governor RYU, Hai Chin Taken at : Cheju-Do, Korea Taken By: LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC Date : 18 February 1948 and Special Investigator 19 February 1948 The witness was sworn and read Ordinance 19, Sections 4 and C. 1. Q. What is your political party? A. Democratic Independent Party. 2. Q. What is the political situation on Cheju? A. When I came to Cheju about 1 March 1947 the large majority of people were Leftist. The first stage was to get the general public to leave from extreme left. On this first stage I succeeded by borrowing the Extreme Rightist Power by organizing, propaganda speeches, etc. The present stage is to get the general public into middle line. This is the second stage. The general people will be controlled by Economic conditions. 3. Q. What is the third stage? A. I have only planned the second stage. 4. Q. Why did you use Extreme Rightist Power in the first stage? A. There was no middle line. 5. Q. Did you use any rough means to get the people to the middle line? A. No, they will come over naturally, because of average economic conditions. 6. Q. Are economic conditions better than last spring? A. The conditions are about the same with some improvement. 7. Q. When we held a previous conference you stated that you formerly controlled public meetings but they were placed under police authority. What is the situation now? A. There are no meetings by Extreme Leftists. The police control meetings. 8. Q. Why are there no meetings by Extreme Leftists? A. I do not know, I do not control meetings. 9. Q. Are police Extreme Rightists? A. I think not. 10. Q. Do you still believe you should control all meetings? A. Yes, I hope to recover the authority to control public meetings. 11. Q. What is the relationship between you and the police? A. The relationship is peaceful. The Chief is a friend of mine. KIM Yong Bai. 12. Q. You stated in a previous conference that you were driving the Leftist down - does that condition still exist? A. Yes, I think so. EXHIBIT "J" 13. Q. On 15 August 1947, you reviewed the Police but failed to review the Constabulary. What was the reason? A. I went to drink some water. 14. Q. It is reported that there is more trouble on Cheju caused by Extreme Rightist and it is growing - how do you explain? A. I do not think Extreme Rightist make any trouble. 15. Q. Who makes the trouble? A. Extreme Leftist, even when their power is weakened. 16. Q. Who leads the Leftists (Extreme)? A. An Se Eun. 17. Q. What is his party? A. Nam Ro Tong, South Korea Labor Party organized by Communists. 18. Q. Do you think there is more trouble now than a year ago, say June or July? A. A little increased on account of UN. 19. Q. What have you done to stop these troubles? A. I organized a "leading group" of myself and the Chiefs of Sections and Bureaus and we are going around and make speeches to explain the purpose of government. 20. Q. What is your schedule? A. We begin our meetings on 24 February 1948. 21. Q. It is reported that leftists have grown from 50-50 to 2/3 of the population. It is said that leftists on Cheju are increasing - is that true? A. No, it is not true. I would say left are 10%. That is extreme leftists. 22. Q. It has been stated that the police are responsible for leftist sympathy. Is thet true? A. I do not think so. 23. Q. Many of the high police positions are held by mainland police and they do not use discretion in dealing with political cases. Is that true? A. Yes, I think so. 24. Q. Many police are hostile to American orders and American personnel. They have beaten CIC employees, American houseboys, Military Government interpreters. Why is that? A. I do not think that their actions was against American personnel, but the Korean and Americans made some trouble. I only heard of a case where both Americans and Koreans were drunk. The police do not intend to make trouble. 25. Q. Do Extreme Rightists beat up Leftists to get him to resign his job? A. Not true. 26. Q. What do you think of Pak, Kyung Hun, the former Governor? A. I think he has no definite thought or ideas. Sometimes he looks like a Right, sometimes as a Left, sometimes Middle. 27. Q. Is the ration the same all over Cheju? A. The same all over. 28. Q. Should farmers have better treatment than city people? A. Yes, I think so. 29. Q. Are ration cards still held in Mung Changs Office? A. Yes. 30. Q. Is grain purchased by P.F.S. still piled out of doors and not in warehouses? A. Not enough warehouses. I planned to build a bigger warehouse by using 1000 pyung of land, property of Provincial Government, to be rented to P.F.S. 31. Q. You stated in a previous conference that your ration problems would not exist if the summer grain program had been carried out, is that true? A. No, the grain had to go back to the farmers and I saved expenses in transportation. 32. Q. What is the present ration? A. Two hop, one rice and one other grain. 33. Q. Does everybody get that? A. No, only for city people. 34. Q. Are city people getting it now? A. Yes. 35. Q. Many provincial warehouses need repair. What is being done? A. It is the concern of P.F.S. and they have fixed some parts. 36. Q. Have you asked for protection for rice received from Cholla Namdo? A. We are making grass mats, a Cheju product. It is a good grain cover. 37. Q. How much rice have you received? A. I don't know. 38. Q. Is it polished or unpolished? A. Polished rice. 39. Q. Did Cheju reach the rice quota? A. Rice was 200 suk short of quota. Other grain was 800 suk over the quota. 115% collection was made on the total collection. 40. Q. Do you and your Bureau and Section Chiefs understand the duties and responsibilities of American advisers? A. Yep. 41. Q. Do you and the Bureau and Section Chiefs understand that Americans must concur and agree on all decisions? A. Yes, I understand. 42. Q. If you or a Provincial Chief would make an incorrect serious decision or show dishonesty what would happen to the Korean? A. He would be discharged. 43. Q. The American Adviser of a Bureau that failed? A. He is only an adviser and would not be held in full responsibility. 44. Q. Do you know that Americans are to be kept informed on all matters in the Provincial Government - good or bad? A. I hold a meeting with the Chiefs of Bureaus every month. I will explain that they must keep American Advisers informed in each bureau. 45. Q. Are American Advisers consulted on budget matters, when a budget is planned? A. I told the Vice-Governor Kim, Doo Hyun, to consult with American Advisors in regard to the budget. 46. Q. Do you and your Chiefs report on expenditures of Bureau funds? A. They are supposed to. I told them to make monthly reports. NOTE: Only one report was received for the month of July 1947, and that report was from the Bureau of Education. 47. Q. On 16 October 1947, the National Property Custodian wrote an order that the appointments for Korean Selection Committee should be made by the Governor (Korean) and returned to Captain Kelly, Provincial Property Custodian, who would forward them to the National Office. The Bureau Chief called for them three times and never received them. The Governor forwarded the completed forms directly and the American Adviser was not informed. Why? A. A report was submitted to Provincial Property Custody on 7 January 1948, showing names of members. We do not know who forwarded the report to Seoul. 48. Q. On 15 September 1947, Oh Hyon Boys Middle School was torn down. It was vested or Japanese property. The Governor said he would investigate and report to Captain Kelly. It has now been six months and no report. Why? A. I don't remember. 49. Q. Who is responsible for vested property? A. Captain Kelly. 50. Q. Who controls vested property? A. Captain Kelly. 51. Q. Do you try to cooperate with Americans, keep them informed and consult with them? A. Yes, I try to. 52. Q. Do you have anything to add? A. There are no railroads on Cheju, only truck transportation. The road around the island should be repaired by the National Government. It would cost too much for the Provincial Government. I want a special allotment of tires for trucks. The present allocation is only 1% of the tires for the American zone. Most important thing on Cheju Island is the operation of official business. Therefore, a Livestock and Fishery College should be established by the National Government. Many grain allocations come from other provinces. We must raise all the crops possible. I request 10,000,000 for cultivation of lands last year, but received only 1,000,000. With proper cultivation we can be self supporting. The farmers have used fertilizer. We need water improvements for general use and irrigation. Agriculture Experimental Station, Forestry and Livestock Schools should be established. I have made a 10 year Forestry Plan and we can be self supporting for lumber. I have planned a Provincial Library and have planned to open March 1st 1948. /s/ Ryu Hai Chin <첨부문서> (동기 니): 제주도 제59군정중대 본부 감찰보고(1948. 1. 16) HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY GOVERNMENT IN KOREA Office of Special Investigator APO 235 Unit 2 Jan 16 1948 SUBJECT: Report of Inspection Headquarters and Headquarters Company 59th Military Government Company Cheju-do Island TO : Commanding General United States Army Military Government in Korea APO 235 Unit 2 E X T R A C T /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 15. Political situation A two hour conference was held with Governor Ryu on 8 January 1948. The following comments are pertinent: a. The Governor admitted that the ration varied in different Myuns. Reason: Varied production, shortage of transportation and location. b. The Governor shows preferential treatment to farmers over city dwellers. c. The ration cards are held in the Myun Change Office. Reason: In order to maintain accounting. Note: A political move which give the officials a weapon over the rationee. The Governor agreed that ration cards should be held by the individual and will so order. d. The Governor was vague as to the reason why grain was piled out of doors when the warehouses were practically empty. Stated that the grain should be protected. Will correct. e. The Governor admitted that his present ration problems would not exist if the 14,000 suks from the summer grain program had been collected according to NFA Regulation No. 6. f. Admitted that many warehouses needed repair and will ask for funds to repair. g. The Bureau of Agriculture will ask the PFS for tentage to store 30,000 suks of supplemental rice from Cholla Namdo. Note: The undersigned stated that supplemental rice would not be furnished unless adequate storage would be provided. The indifferent attitude of the Governor to such pertinent problems indicate a complete lack of planning or management. EXHIBIT "L" H. The Governor stated that he did not unlad the bamboo ship because he did not know which agency of his province would pay unloading charges. Note: The ship was held up for eight (8) days until direct orders came from Military Government to proceed. This delay came at a time when shipping was and is critically short. The Governor was surprised to learn that Koreans had a bonfire using bamboo for fuel. A guard was warming his hands at the fire which was extinguished by the undersigned. The guards will be instructed to protect the bamboo. i. The political trends on Cheju were discussed and the Governor stated that he had overpowered the Leftists. His attitude toward opposing parties is typically Japanese in character. He stated that he had controlled all meetings on the island but recently the Department of Public Information at Seoul had directed that all meetings bo cleared by the police. This ruling was resented by the Governor who stated he should clear all meetings of any nature. The matter of driving opposing elements underground was brought up and he stated that his party was gaining in power and apparently not worried about opposing elements. ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /s/ Lawrence A. Nelson /t/ LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col. TC Special Investigator CERTIFIED TRUE EXTRACT: LAWRENCE A. NELSON Lt. Col., TC <첨부문서> (참가 M): 조선농회의 이제에 관련된 제주도 다사미(1948. 2. 29) KOREA AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION SEOUL, KOREA. 29 February To----Lt. Col. L. A. Nelson Office of Special Investigation. Subject:- Notes on trip to Cheju Do pertaining to the interests of the Korean Agricultural Association. 1. In accordance with Ordinance #165 promulgated Feb. 1, 1948 two men from National K.A.A. were sent to Cheju Do for the purpose of arranging the transfer of chairmanship from the Governor and Gun masters to new K.A.A. chairmen after gaining information and deciding upon men to fill the posts. 2. After contacting the Governor, several other officials, the former Governor and several Army personel regarding prospective candidates we came back to the Governor to discuss an appointment for the Provincial K.A.A. chief. 3. The Governor, Mr. Ryu, stated that this was not the time to make this change and that he knew of no one who was strong enough to take the place. We asked if the present man filling the highest post in K.A.A. would do for the chief. He replied, "No." He declined to suggest any one else and also declined to welcome any suggested candidates. He kept insisting that we should wait an indefinite time. We at last stated that we wished to have his chief of Agricultural Commerce and Industry for the desired position and in the meantime would appoint Mr. Lee Who Chun as the temporary chief, and to please turn over the required documents, etc., to him. 4. In all our contacts with the Governor, Mr. Ryu, we found him very uncooperative. .F. E..C..Williams . . . Advisor in Education and Training K.A.A. CERTIFIED TRUE COPY: s. per [illegible] a Nelson RICE A. NELSON λ. TC EXETRTE. "M"