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COMPILATION OF DATA ON PW AFFAIRS HEADQUARTERS UNITED NATIONS COMMAND PRISONER OF WAR CAMP 8 (CHEJU-DO) (PW Svc Unit #11, 8216th AU) APO 707 Unit 2 CATHOLIC CHURCH [illegible] 27 September 1952 Dear General Van Fleet, Please let me first introduce myself. I am the Rector of the Catholic Church here in Cheju City, and I am also the Auxiliary Chaplain for U. N. Forces here on Cheju Island. I was officially appointed by the Military Ordinariate in New York. Hence, it is my duty to frequently visit the POW Camp here, and look after the men. I was informed today that Colonel Due was released of his command. It is my honest opinion that a grave injustice has been done, and I would like to call your attention to the matter. According to my knowledge, he has performed his duties in an exemplary manner and is liked and respected by all his officers and men. Moreover, when he came here the morale of the men was bad. After his arrival, there was a decided improvement, and the men regained their confidence in themselves and their officers. I have lived in the East for 19 years and I think I know these people. In the beginning, they will disobey in some small matter to see how you react. If it was an express command and if you let them get away with it, they will lose all respect for you, from then on and will oppose you in every way. They regard it as a sign of weakness, and weakness of that kind they despise. You will have a lot of trouble recovering that respect and their obedience. There is another matter I would like to mention. The night you stayed here in town, the Reds in the hills came into town and captured 3 young men in the Radio station. They took them back into the hills and killed them. One was a parishioner of mine. Two days later they came down to a village 3 miles outside of town at 7:30 PM and attempted to capture people working in the fields. All fled except a girl of 16 years, whom they killed on the spot. These Reds are well-armed and fearless and are trying to establish contact with the prisoners. The prisoners are also trying to contact the Reds, as I know for a fact. Unless the prisoners are thoroughly subjugated, there is going to be very grave trouble here on Cheju. The people in the villages back inland are in a very nervous state due to the Reds in the hills and if ever your prisoners should escape to the hills most of the people on this island would turn Communist in order to escape tribulation and death. In 1948-1949, over 60,000 people were killed here and 250 villages burned to the ground. Rather than suffer that again [illegible] would turn Red, if they thought the Communist were likely to win [illegible] Respectfully yours, /s/ Thomas D. Ryan. 미국신문 I can see this appears to be a very faint or nearly blank page from a document collection. The image shows what appears to be a mostly white/blank page with some very faint marks or dots scattered across it, and what looks like some faint horizontal lines or text at the very top of the page that is too degraded/faint to read reliably. [illegible] The page content is too faint/degraded to reliably extract any meaningful text. The few visible marks appear to be artifacts or severely faded text that cannot be accurately transcribed. • 제주도 폭동 사망자 46명(워싱턴포스트 1948. 4. 24) Korean Island Riot Deaths Reach 46 Seoul, Korea, April 23 (U.P.)— Communist rioting today on Cheju Island off Korea's southern coast has created a "serious situation," authorities reported. A battalion of Korean constabulary has been rushed to Cheju to reinforce the hard-pressed garrison. Reports from Cheju said communication lines on the island have been cut. Communists reportedly were distributing handbills urging the constabulary and rightists to desert to the Communist cause. A United States Army spokesman said at least 46 persons have been killed since the outbreaks began April 2. A small American Army unit is stationed on Cheju. It reported Communist activity seemed to be increasing. The official radio in Pyongyang, capital of Soviet-occupied north Korea, announced that the Russian-sponsored north Korean government would meet Wednesday to discuss a constitution for all Koera, including the American-occupied south. • 한국경찰, 제주도 폭동에서 60명 체포(워싱턴포스트 1948. 4. 25) Korean Police Arrest 60 in Chefu Rioting Seoul, Korea, April 24 (U.P.)— Korean constabulary troops armed with American Garand rifles surrounded the riot-torn city of Cheju of Cheju Island early today while Korean police raided the homes of suspected agitators and arrested 60. It was the first government counter-action against alleged leftist-inspired disturbances which resulted in 46 deaths on Cheju since April 2. The constabulary men held the city paralyzed for 5½ hours while police carried out the arrests without violence. Thirty of the 60 arrested were released later. Sporadic sniper fire sounded throughout the hours of darkness, but the area was quiet by daylight. Cheju is the largest city on the island of Cheju, 50 miles south of Korea and in the American occupation zone. • 한국경찰, 소요가 난무한 도시를 공격(뉴욕타임즈 1948. 4. 25) THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, APRIL 25, 1948. KOREA POLICE RAID STRIFE-TORN CITY 60 Suspected Agitators Taken in Cheju After Series of Fatal Disturbances SEOUL, Korea, April 24 (UP)—Korean constabulary troops armed with American Garand rifles surrounded the strife-torn city of Cheju on Cheju Island early today while Korean police raided the homes of suspected agitators and arrested sixty. It was the first Government counter-action against alleged Leftist-inspired disturbances that have resulted in forty-six deaths on the Island of Cheju since April 2. The constabulary men held the city paralyzed for five and one-half hours while police carried out the arrests without violence. Thirty of the sixty arrested were released later. Sporadic sniper fire sounded throughout the hours of darkness, but the area was quiet by daylight. Cheju is the largest city on the Island of Cheju, fifty miles south of Korea and in the American occupation zone. Americans are reported to be advising the police there, as they do elsewhere in Southern Korea, but otherwise are not involved in the Cheju troubles. The United States Army announced that sabotaged telephone lines between Cheju and other parts of the island were now restored, despite sniper fire on repairmen. The only other violence reported in Southern Korea was the assassination of Kim Yun Ku, candidate for the National Assembly in elections scheduled for May 10. Unknown persons shot him to death in his home, 100 miles south of Seoul. The constabulary-police blow against alleged Leftists on Cheju may mark a stiffening attitude toward the disturbances which Communists and sympathizers hope will disrupt or discredit the elections. Korean election officials on Cheju have reported that their workers are quitting because so many attacks have been made against them and election booths. They have asked for American personnel to distribute the ballot boxes, using American transportation. There is every indication that American personnel will be used to the utmost to maintain order on election day, in accordance with the United Nations mandate that balloting must be conducted in a free atmosphere. Motor trips through the countryside disclose guards posted at many bridges against sabotage. The Garand rifles which some of the constabulary troops are carrying replaced the small bore bolt-action Japanese rifles, tremendously increasing the fire power of the constabulary, which is the closest thing to an army possessed by Southern Korea. • 한국의 섬에서 소규모 전쟁이 전개(뉴욕타임즈 1948. 5. 3) THE NEW YORK TIMES, MONDAY, MAY 3, 1948. **SMALL WAR RAGES ON KOREAN ISLAND** Communists on Cheju Attack Villages — Demand Police Surrender, No Election **By RICHARD J. H. JOHNSTON** Special to The New York Times. SEOUL, Korea, May 2—A small-scale war is reported to be raging on the Island of Cheju, sixty-five miles off the southern Korea coast. Korean police, supported by Korean constabulary, are battling swift-moving bands of Communists who are terrorizing the island's 276,000 inhabitants. The Communists are directing their assaults against registration their assaults against registration headquarters in the coastal towns and against both election officials and candidates. In the last twenty-four hours attackers have killed two men, two women and a 10-year-old girl in small villages on the outskirts of the island's capital city, Cheju. The authorities reported that all communications with the island's interior had been cut off. Korean Coast Guard headquarters at Pusan reported that the Communists had demanded the surrender of the police forces on the island. The Communists offered a five-point surrender demand, including confiscation of all police weapons, punishment of police and other security forces, and a guarantee that the United Nations-sponsored elections on May 10 would be called off. These surrender terms were reported to have been made to a Korean Coast Guard officer on the Island. The Communists are reported to have told the Coast Guard officer, "If these terms are acceptable by your elements they will cease operations on May 2." No reply was reported to have been made by the authorities to the demands. American observation planes yesterday reported that bands of constabulary had been sent into coastal towns to mop up the Communist forces. The police in the village of Ora, on the north coast, were under a three-hour attack beginning shortly after midnight Friday by a heavily-armed striking force of fifty men. The police drove out the attackers. Later the police found one woman hanged, one woman slashed to death with a sword and a 10-year-old girl beaten to death in the recaptured part of the village. The Communists are reported to have thrown up roadblocks on the roads leading from the interior of the island to the coast. A small detachment of United States Military Government troops on the island is not reported to have been involved in the fighting. However, captured Communist documents indicated that the Reds had ordered attacks on the Americans, if they came to the assistance of the Korean Security Battalion that is reported to be screening coastal towns in an effort to segregate the Communists. • 남한 우익인사, 미군정의 부패를 비난(워싱턴포스트 1948. 5. 7) After Visit in Soviet Zone, # Korean Rightist Denounces 'Corrupt' American Regime Seoul, Korea, May 6 (U.P.)—Kimm Kiusic, Korean elder statesman, today denounced the "corrupt" American administration here and said he opposed the United Nations-sponsored elections scheduled for next Monday in South Korea. Kimm, a moderate rightist considered to be Korea's most influential politician, praised the work of Soviet occupation forces in North Korea while comparing the Americans to the "dishonest Japanese" who ruled the island for 40 years. Kimm's statement was especially embarrassing to U. S. occupation authorities, who hand-picked him to be president of South Korea's interim legislature. He resigned that post to attend a Russian-sponsored Korean unity conference in North Korea. Kimm returned to Seoul yesterday. He said he opposed Monday's elections because "they will tend to perpetuate partition." If they are held, he predicted, Korea eventually would become a Soviet federation. Kimm said Korean factories in the north are in "much fuller production" than in the American zone. He hailed the Russians for "making themselves inconspicuous." In south Korea, he said, the Americans "meddle too much." "Much corruption exists in the present (United States) military government," Kimm charged. "Koreans, in 40 years of Japanese occupation, learned to work with dishonest Japanese. Now these Koreans are using their experience to use Americans to help work their corruption. "Several Americans have gone home rich." The north Korean conference voted unanimously to demand that both Soviet and United States forces withdraw from Korea im- mediately. A fire which destroyed an empty Army barracks last night in the Seventh Division compound "possibly was started deliberately," Capt. Fred Openshaw, reported. He said the barracks "seemed to go up all at once." none was reported injured. If proved to be arson, it would be the most flagrant sabotage yet of American property in Korea. Earlier today, Maj. Gen. William F. Dean reported after a tour of Cheju Island, 50 miles south of Korea, that agents of the north Korean Communist army have landed there to direct guerillas in a terrorism campaign against the elections. Sixty persons have been killed in bloody rioting on Cheju, in the United States zone, since April 3. • 남한의 선거 공산주의 테러리즘으로 얼룩(워싱턴포스트 1948. 5. 10) **39 Dead, 17 Hurt, 142 Held** # *Communist Terrorism Marks Election in Southern Korea* Seoul, Korea, (Monday) May 10 (UP)—Communists spread terrorism and sabotage across American-occupied southern Korea today as Koreans went to the polls. Reports reaching Army headquarters here during the last 36 hours listed 39 dead, 17 wounded and 6 missing. Police arrested [illegible] rioters. Sharp fighting was in progress on Cheju Island, 50 miles south of Korea. Communist bands, striking from the hills, terrorized half of the election officials there into quitting. Ballots could not be distributed in some areas and voting may be impossible. Sabotage disrupted telephone and railroad service. The avowed purpose of the violence was to break up the election. Some eight million persons in southern Korea were registered to vote. Unless frightened away from the polls, they will elect a 200-man assembly to write a constitution to create Korea's first representative government. [The New York Herald-Tribune said all the candidates are followers of a little group of men presently led by Dr. Syngman Rhee. Nearly all of this group have been educated in the United States or Europe and now control South Korea with American aid.] The United Nations is sponsoring and observing the elections, which are limited to American-occupied southern Korea. Russia will not permit balloting in northern Korea, which is occupied by Soviet troops. Communist propaganda broadcast to southern Korea last night cried, "Smash the elections!" [The Associated Press reported that the radio in north Korea told Lieut. Gen. John R. Hodge today, "You had better get out of Korea with your clothes packed." The broadcast advised the American commander to "give up your attempt to carry out a separate election."] General Hodge ordered all American troops to be ready to assemble on 30 minutes notice if necessary. Seoul was placed under curfew. At every corner Korean police, American military police and specially deputized Korean civilians challenged anyone attempting to pass. The deputies carried clubs and axes. Some incidents had a "wild west" touch. At Kyongju, near the southeast coast, armed leftists entered a railroad roundhouse, stole a locomotive drove it out of town, then reversed the direction of the locomotive and leaped out. The engine plunged madly into the switchyard and smashed two other locomotives. • 소련잠수함, 한국의 공산주의자들을 지원(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 1. 9) **Soviet Submarines Said To Help Reds in Korea** By The United Press SEOUL, Korea, Jan. 8 (UP)— The Emergency Guard's tactics chief, Choi Chi Whan, said today that three Russian submarines had surfaced off South Korea four days ago and signalled Communist guerrillas to launch an attack on the provisional capital of Cheju. Mr. Choi reported the Soviet submarines had surfaced off Cheju island on Jan. 4. They signalled to 200 Communists there, who immediately attacked the city, causing numerous deaths and extensive damage, he said. This is the first report of trouble on the island. The Emergency Guard, which is part of the Home Ministry, received a message from the the police headquarters in Cheju Thursday reporting fifty-six police and civilians were killed in the Communist assault. More than fifty buildings were said to have been burned, including the provisional capitol and police headquarters. There was no report of Communist casualties. Mr. Choi said two submarines had appeared off the town of Samyang in the afternoon and one off Hanrinri at night. He said Cheju police reported that the Soviet flag had been clearly visible from shore. • 게릴라 34명 사살(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 2. 19) *Seoul Opposes U. N. Bid to North Korea; Rhee Views Such Approach as an Affront* By RICHARD J. H. JOHNSTON Special to The New York Times. SEOUL, Korea, Feb. 18— 34 Korean Guerrillas Killed SEOUL, Korea, Feb. 18 (UP)— Police reported today thirty-four guerrillas were killed and two cap- tured on Cheju Island, off the southern coast of Korea, on Wednesday. The report said 400 guerrillas attacked a small village. Police, the report said, repulsed them after a fight. Six villages were reported killed and sixteen wounded, there were no police casualties. • 한국군, 게릴라 소탕 춘계공세 개시(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 3. 15) DRIVE UPON REBELS IS OPENED IN KOREA Army Ordered to Take or Wipe Out Communist-Led Groups That Cause Starvation By RICHARD J. H. JOHNSTON Special to The New York Times. SEOUL, Korea, March 14—Ko-rean Army forces have opened a spring offensive against Commu-nist-led guerrilla bands that are terrorizing South Korea. President Syngman Rhee issued orders yesterday to Army com-manders to capture or wipe out insurgents who, under North Ko-rean Communist orders, have been burning villages and confiscating food from rural settlements. At the same time President Rhee sent Premier Lee Bum Suk, who is also Defense Minister, and Sihn Sung Mo, Minister of Home Affairs, to ravaged Cheju Island, fifty miles off Korea's south coast to step up the offensive against several thou-sand rebels. Government sources said today that insurgent activities had para-lyzed the island and had forced most of its quarter of a million in-habitants from remote inland areas to the coastal towns. A Govern-ment spokesman said that the toll of islanders killed by Communists since last summer was 15,000. About 10,000 houses have been de-stroyed by fire, he said. Father Austin Sweeney, a Cath-olic missionary of the Columbian order, reported by a letter that reached Seoul yesterday that a majority of Cheju's population was suffering from starvation. In some areas, Father Sweeney wrote, the people are living on a single sweet potato a day. A resident of the island for more than ten years, Father Sweeney, who is an Aus-tralian, reported that the farmers had abandoned the inland farms and had moved into the island's few large coastal towns. The island rebels appear to be well supplied by small boats that shuttle secretly from Communist-operated bases on the mainland. . The Communist-controlled North Korean radio continued over the week-end to boast of the successes of insurgent activities on Cheju Island, saying that "the people's resistance is growing." Meanwhile the Korean Army reported 'a· skirmish with a main body of a rebel force in the vicinity of the Chiri Mountains in South Cholla province on the mainland. near the south coast. In extensive operations a Korean Army task corps was reported to have killed fifty-three rebels last week and to have captured quantities of arms and ammunition. However, the insurgent hit and run tactics continued to harass the rural villages where the rebels were striking out from mountain fastnesses in lightning night raids. The center of the fighting was reported by the Korean Army to be forty miles north of Sunchon, scene of the October Communist-led Korean Army uprising. • 남한, 소련의 선동을 비난(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 3. 17) .IE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, MARCH 17, 1949. SOVIET INCITEMENT CHARGED BY KOREA Russian Guns Said to Be Taken From Rebels in the South— Ship Signals Observed By RICHARD J. H. JOHNSTON Special to The New York Times. SEOUL, Korea, March 16 — Premier Lee Bum Suk, who holds the rank of Minister of Defense in the Korean Government, today told a press conference that the Soviet Union was actively aiding anti-Government guerrilla forces in South Korea. Returning from a six-day inspection of the two southern Provinces and of Cheju Island off the south coast, where Communist-led guerrillas have been carrying on attacks against the villages, Premier Lee said that Russian tommy guns and ammunition had been captured from the rebels. He added that there was additional evidence that the Soviet Union was smuggling into Cheju Island trained guerrilla leaders from the Soviet northern occupation zone of Korea. .TAT the same time, in a written report to President Syngman Rhee, the Government's Home Minister, Sihn Sung Mo. reported that So- viet ships of 5,000 tons were ap- pearing frequently along the Island's coast. He added that blinker communications had been observed between ships and rebels in the inland mountain areas. Mr. Sihn accompanied Premier Lee on the inspection trip on orders from President Rhee to clean up the rebels, numbering an estimated 500, on the island before April 1. Premier Lee told the press that operations were under way to stamp out the guerrillas within that time. Premier Lee said that he had called the press conference "be- cause of President Rhee's orders to give all the news whether good or bad." He said that the Cheju people seriously needed food. The rocky island's principal industry is fish- ing. It is a food-deficient area. The Home Minister reported to the President that "unless the people are provided with food, clothing and living places there is a strong possibility that they will go back to the mountains and join the rebels." Mr. Sinn submitted a detailed list of aid supplies required by the islanders He reported also that unidenti- fied submarines were appearing close to the island frequently and suggested they might be Russian. The Premier told the press that his inspection of North and South Cholla Provinces at the southern end of the peninsula revealed prog- ress by the Army and the police against the rebels. • 이승만, 반란의 현장 방문(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 4. 10) RHEE VISITS SCENE OF KOREAN REVOLT Flies to Cheju Island Where Police and Army Are Mopping Up Reds—15,000 Dead By RICHARD J. H. JOHNSTON Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. SEOUL, Korea, April 9 — Presi- dent Syngman Rhee left Seoul by air this morning for Cheju Island, fifty miles off the south coast, where he will conduct a personal inspection of the mopping-up oper- ations against Communist-led guer- rillas. Dr. Rhee's office said the Presi- dent would express to the islanders his personal tha_ks on their "firm, loyal stand against subversive ele- ments and sympathy for the suf- fering they have endured from Communist terrorists." In his first departure from the mainland since his inauguration last Aug. 15, Dr. Rhee was accom- panied on a United States Army plane by Mrs. Rhee. The Presi- dent's office did not disclose when he would return to the capital. Cheju Island has been the scene of a concentrated Communist ter- ror campaign against the army, the police and inhabitants for sev- eral months. At least 15,000 islanders have been killed by heavily armed guer- rilla bands and more than 10,000 houses have been destroyed. Korean Government authorities have repeatedly accused the Rus- sians of supplying arms and am- munition to the rebels. Investigators reported that the islanders had moved en masse from the interior of the island to the north coast. Farmers aban- doned homesteads and the island's life was forced to a standstill. In response to a plea for govern- ment help, fifteen shiploads of re- lief supplies have been sent to Cheju and twenty additional ship- loads are being prepared to pre- vent starvation and an epidemic. The Government announced that 43,000,000 won (four-fifty won are the equivalent of the United States dollar) had been appropriated for the purchase of seed for the is- land's farms. The Government added that 6,449 bushels of rice, millet, soy- bean, corn, white and sweet pota- toes would be shipped to the island for planting. Seed will be distrib- uted to those who have deserted the rebels and returned to their farms "reports from Cheju Island indicate that effective action by the police and the army-have virtually freed the inhabitants of the island from further danger of Communist guerrilla attacks." D. S. Kim, Government information director said-- .Dr. Rhee ordered Army commanders March 17 to capture or wipe out the Communist terrorists on the island. The following day the Army opened a cleanup offensive which is said to have been successful. • 이승만, 폭도들에게 '과거를 잊으라'고 권고하다(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 4. 12) RHEE EXHORTS REBELS TO FORGET THE PAST Special to the New York Times SEOUL, Korea, April 11--President Syngman Rhee on Saturday told 2,500 captured anti-Government guerrillas on Cheju Island to "forget the past" and he said that their "task is to become loyal citizens of the Republic." President Rhee inspected Cheju City and the outskirts where a majority of the island's people who had fled from the inland regions under the attacks of Communist-led rebels were concentrated. A statement issued by the President's office this morning said loyal Korean troops had captured 2,800 rebels and ended the guerrilla attacks on Cheju Island and that the captured rebels were being held in the camp "for a brief period of re-education." They will be returned to their homes in time to plant the rice crop, the statement said. The statement added that the principal Communist guerrilla leaders on the island are still at large with a small band of followers in the rocky interior while Army forces are surrounding them. The Government announced this morning the capture of Lee Chung-Up, ringleader of the October anti-Government disorders in the Yosu-Sunchon area. Conditions have been so stabilized, the announcement added, that elections of two National Assembly representatives are scheduled for May 10. The elections had been delayed for one year because of the Communist opposition. • 제주도에서 1,193명 학살(뉴욕타임즈 1949. 4. 17) THE NEW YORK TIMES, SUNDAY, APRIL 17, 1949 1,193 Koreans Slain on Cheju SEOUL, Korea, April 15 (UP)-- The Ministry of Information said today that 1,193 Korean civilians had been killed and 79,500 rendered homeless in the fighting between rebel and Government forces on Cheju Island. The fighting is now under control and more than 300 rebels have been cut off and trapped, the Ministry reported.